Dwight Howard vs. Tony Parker Season by Season Comparison

Side by side comparison of each NBA season of Tony Parker and Dwight Howard, from their rookie seasons to their last year played, in chronological order with awards, stats, championships and playoff performance of their teams every year.

Player comparisons:
Career comparison / Season by season / Games against each other

Who had the better rookie season? Who had best stats in their 10th season? Who won a championship first? These questions and many others, are answered here.

Dwight Howard and Tony Parker both played 18 years in the NBA. Dwight Howard had the first of his seasons in 2004-05, while Tony Parker had his rookie season in 2001-02. With that starting point, here you can take a look at each of their seasons side by side and compare how their careers evolved in achivements, awards and championships won, the stats they recorded both in the Regular Season and the Playoffs and how their teams performed in the postseason.

Their Careers

Player
Total Seasons Playoffs Played NBA Years
Dwight Howard 18 12 2004-05 to 2021-22
Tony Parker 18 17 2001-02 to 2018-19

Comparison Season by Season

Jump to season:
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18

Rookie Season

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2004-052001-02
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-Rookie First TeamAchievement All-Rookie First Team
Playoffs Did Not PlaySpurs Lost West Conf Semis
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 82 32.6 12.0 3.5 6.5 10.0 0.9 0.9 1.7 2.0 2.8 4.3 8.3 .520 0.0 0.0 .000 3.4 5.0 .671
Tony Parker 77 29.4 9.2 0.4 2.1 2.6 4.3 1.2 0.1 2.0 2.2 3.5 8.3 .419 0.8 2.5 .323 1.4 2.1 .675
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard ------- --- ----------
Tony Parker 10 34.1 15.5 0.5 2.4 2.9 4.0 0.9 0.1 2.2 2.2 6.2 13.6 .456 1.0 2.7 .370 2.1 2.8 .750

Season 2

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2005-062002-03
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not PlayNBA Champion NBA Champion
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 82 36.8 15.8 3.5 9.0 12.5 1.5 0.8 1.4 2.6 3.4 5.7 10.7 .531 0.0 0.0 .000 4.3 7.3 .595
Tony Parker 82 33.8 15.5 0.4 2.2 2.6 5.3 0.9 0.0 2.4 2.1 5.9 12.7 .464 1.0 3.0 .337 2.7 3.5 .755
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard ------- --- ----------
Tony Parker 24 33.9 14.7 0.3 2.4 2.8 3.5 0.9 0.1 2.0 2.1 5.6 14.0 .403 0.6 2.3 .268 2.8 3.9 .713

Season 3

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2006-072003-04
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-NBA Third Team-
Achievement All-Star Game-
Playoffs Magic Lost East Conf 1st RdSpurs Lost West Conf Semis
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 82 36.9 17.6 3.5 8.8 12.3 1.9 0.9 1.9 3.9 3.0 6.4 10.6 .603 0.0 0.0 .500 4.8 8.1 .586
Tony Parker 75 34.4 14.7 0.6 2.6 3.2 5.5 0.8 0.1 2.4 2.0 5.6 12.6 .447 0.8 2.7 .312 2.5 3.6 .702
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 4 41.8 15.3 4.0 10.8 14.8 1.8 0.5 1.0 4.3 3.3 5.8 10.5 .548 0.0 0.0 - 3.8 8.3 .455
Tony Parker 10 38.6 18.4 0.5 1.6 2.1 7.0 1.3 0.1 3.1 1.5 7.2 16.8 .429 1.7 4.3 .395 2.3 3.5 .657

Season 4

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2007-082004-05
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-NBA First Team-
Achievement All-Defensive Second Team-
Achievement Rebounds Leader-
Achievement All-Star Game-
Playoffs Magic Lost East Conf SemisNBA Champion NBA Champion
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 82 37.7 20.7 3.4 10.8 14.2 1.3 0.9 2.1 3.2 3.3 7.1 11.9 .599 0.0 0.0 .000 6.5 10.9 .590
Tony Parker 80 34.2 16.6 0.6 3.1 3.7 6.1 1.2 0.1 2.7 2.1 6.7 14.0 .482 0.5 2.0 .276 2.6 4.0 .650
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 10 42.1 18.9 6.0 9.8 15.8 0.9 0.8 3.4 3.2 3.8 7.2 12.4 .581 0.0 0.0 - 4.5 8.3 .542
Tony Parker 23 37.2 17.2 0.6 2.3 2.9 4.3 0.7 0.1 3.1 3.0 7.2 15.9 .454 0.4 2.1 .188 2.4 3.8 .632

Season 5

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2008-092005-06
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-NBA First Team-
Achievement All-Defensive First Team-
Achievement Defensive Player of the Year-
Achievement Rebounds Leader-
Achievement Blocks Leader-
Achievement All-Star GameAchievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Magic Lost NBA FinalsSpurs Lost West Conf Semis
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 79 35.7 20.6 4.3 9.6 13.8 1.4 1.0 2.9 3.0 3.4 7.1 12.4 .572 0.0 0.0 .000 6.4 10.7 .594
Tony Parker 80 33.9 18.9 0.5 2.8 3.3 5.8 1.0 0.1 3.1 2.0 7.8 14.2 .548 0.1 0.5 .306 3.2 4.5 .707
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 23 39.3 20.3 4.3 11.0 15.3 1.9 0.9 2.6 2.9 4.4 7.0 11.7 .601 0.0 0.1 .000 6.3 9.9 .636
Tony Parker 13 36.5 21.1 0.6 3.0 3.6 3.8 1.0 0.1 3.1 2.4 8.0 17.4 .460 0.2 0.7 .222 4.9 6.1 .810

Season 6

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2009-102006-07
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards -Achievement Finals MVP
Achievement All-NBA First Team-
Achievement All-Defensive First Team-
Achievement Defensive Player of the Year-
Achievement Rebounds Leader-
Achievement Blocks Leader-
Achievement All-Star GameAchievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Magic Lost East Conf FinalsNBA Champion NBA Champion
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 82 34.7 18.3 3.5 9.7 13.2 1.8 0.9 2.8 3.3 3.5 6.2 10.2 .612 0.0 0.1 .000 5.9 10.0 .592
Tony Parker 77 32.5 18.6 0.4 2.8 3.2 5.5 1.1 0.1 2.5 1.8 7.4 14.2 .520 0.2 0.5 .395 3.6 4.5 .783
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 14 35.5 18.1 2.7 8.4 11.1 1.4 0.8 3.5 3.6 4.2 6.1 10.0 .614 0.0 0.0 - 5.9 11.3 .519
Tony Parker 20 37.6 20.8 0.7 2.7 3.4 5.8 1.1 0.0 3.3 1.7 8.4 17.5 .480 0.4 1.1 .333 3.6 5.3 .679

Season 7

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2010-112007-08
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-NBA First Team-
Achievement All-Defensive First Team-
Achievement Defensive Player of the Year-
Achievement All-Star Game-
Playoffs Magic Lost East Conf 1st RdSpurs Lost West Conf Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 78 37.6 22.9 4.0 10.1 14.1 1.4 1.4 2.4 3.6 3.3 7.9 13.4 .593 0.0 0.1 .000 7.0 11.7 .596
Tony Parker 69 33.5 18.8 0.4 2.8 3.2 6.0 0.8 0.1 2.4 1.3 7.5 15.1 .494 0.2 1.0 .258 3.6 5.0 .715
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 6 43.0 27.0 4.5 11.0 15.5 0.5 0.7 1.8 5.5 4.2 8.5 13.5 .630 0.0 0.2 .000 10.0 14.7 .682
Tony Parker 17 38.5 22.4 0.6 3.1 3.7 6.1 0.9 0.1 2.9 2.2 8.9 18.0 .497 0.4 1.2 .350 4.1 5.5 .753

Season 8

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2011-122008-09
Team Orlando MagicSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-NBA First Team-
-Achievement All-NBA Third Team
Achievement All-Defensive First Team-
Achievement Rebounds Leader-
Achievement All-Star GameAchievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Did Not PlaySpurs Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 54 38.3 20.6 3.7 10.8 14.5 1.9 1.5 2.1 3.2 2.9 7.7 13.4 .573 0.0 0.1 .000 5.2 10.6 .491
Tony Parker 72 34.1 22.0 0.4 2.7 3.1 6.9 0.9 0.1 2.6 1.5 8.9 17.5 .506 0.3 0.9 .292 3.9 5.0 .782
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard ------- --- ----------
Tony Parker 5 36.2 28.6 0.2 4.0 4.2 6.8 1.2 0.2 4.2 2.6 11.8 21.6 .546 0.6 2.8 .214 4.4 6.2 .710

Season 9

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2012-132009-10
Team Los Angeles LakersSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-NBA Third Team-
Achievement Rebounds Leader-
Achievement All-Star Game-
Playoffs Lakers Lost West Conf 1st RdSpurs Lost West Conf Semis
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 76 35.8 17.1 3.3 9.1 12.4 1.4 1.1 2.4 3.0 3.8 6.2 10.7 .578 0.0 0.1 .167 4.7 9.5 .492
Tony Parker 56 30.9 16.0 0.1 2.3 2.4 5.7 0.5 0.1 2.7 1.7 6.2 12.8 .487 0.2 0.6 .294 3.3 4.4 .756
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 4 31.5 17.0 2.5 8.3 10.8 1.0 0.5 2.0 4.0 4.3 6.5 10.5 .619 0.0 0.0 - 4.0 9.0 .444
Tony Parker 10 33.5 17.3 0.9 2.9 3.8 5.4 0.6 0.0 2.2 2.0 7.3 15.4 .474 0.2 0.3 .667 2.5 4.2 .595

Season 10

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2013-142010-11
Team Houston RocketsSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards Achievement All-NBA Second Team-
Achievement All-Star Game-
Playoffs Rockets Lost West Conf 1st RdSpurs Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 71 33.7 18.3 3.3 8.9 12.2 1.8 0.8 1.8 3.2 3.4 6.7 11.3 .591 0.0 0.1 .286 4.9 9.0 .547
Tony Parker 78 32.4 17.5 0.4 2.7 3.1 6.6 1.2 0.0 2.6 1.7 7.1 13.7 .519 0.3 0.9 .357 3.0 3.9 .769
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 6 38.5 26.0 4.5 9.2 13.7 1.8 0.7 2.8 3.2 4.2 9.7 17.7 .547 0.0 0.0 - 6.7 10.7 .625
Tony Parker 6 36.8 19.7 0.2 2.5 2.7 5.2 1.3 0.3 3.3 1.7 7.2 15.5 .462 0.2 1.3 .125 5.2 6.8 .756

Season 11

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2014-152011-12
Team Houston RocketsSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Rockets Lost West Conf FinalsSpurs Lost West Conf Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 41 29.8 15.8 2.7 7.8 10.5 1.2 0.7 1.3 2.8 3.3 6.1 10.3 .593 0.0 0.0 .500 3.5 6.6 .528
Tony Parker 60 32.1 18.3 0.4 2.5 2.9 7.7 1.0 0.1 2.6 1.3 7.1 14.8 .480 0.2 1.0 .230 3.8 4.7 .799
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 17 33.8 16.4 3.6 10.4 14.0 1.2 1.4 2.3 2.2 3.5 6.2 10.7 .577 0.0 0.0 - 4.0 9.7 .412
Tony Parker 14 36.1 20.1 0.6 3.0 3.6 6.8 0.9 0.0 3.1 1.6 7.3 16.1 .453 0.5 1.5 .333 5.1 6.3 .807

Season 12

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2015-162012-13
Team Houston RocketsSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Rockets Lost West Conf 1st RdSpurs Lost NBA Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 71 32.1 13.7 3.4 8.4 11.8 1.4 1.0 1.6 2.3 3.1 5.2 8.5 .620 0.0 0.1 .000 3.3 6.7 .489
Tony Parker 66 32.9 20.3 0.3 2.7 3.0 7.6 0.8 0.1 2.6 1.4 7.9 15.1 .522 0.4 1.0 .353 4.2 5.0 .845
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 5 36.0 13.2 5.2 8.8 14.0 1.6 0.8 1.4 2.4 4.2 5.2 9.6 .542 0.0 0.2 .000 2.8 7.6 .368
Tony Parker 21 36.4 20.6 0.7 2.6 3.2 7.0 1.1 0.1 2.5 1.2 8.0 17.4 .458 0.5 1.5 .355 4.1 5.3 .777

Season 13

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2016-172013-14
Team Atlanta HawksSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Hawks Lost East Conf 1st RdNBA Champion NBA Champion
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 74 29.7 13.5 4.0 8.7 12.7 1.4 0.9 1.2 2.3 2.7 5.2 8.3 .633 0.0 0.0 .000 3.1 5.7 .533
Tony Parker 68 29.4 16.7 0.3 2.0 2.3 5.7 0.5 0.1 2.2 1.3 6.7 13.4 .499 0.4 1.0 .373 2.9 3.6 .811
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 6 26.2 8.0 3.0 7.7 10.7 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.8 3.5 3.0 6.0 .500 0.0 0.0 - 2.0 3.2 .632
Tony Parker 23 31.3 17.4 0.2 1.7 2.0 4.8 0.7 0.1 2.7 1.6 7.3 15.0 .486 0.6 1.5 .371 2.2 3.0 .729

Season 14

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2017-182014-15
Team Charlotte HornetsSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not PlaySpurs Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 81 30.4 16.6 3.1 9.3 12.5 1.3 0.6 1.6 2.6 3.1 6.2 11.2 .555 0.0 0.1 .143 4.1 7.2 .574
Tony Parker 68 28.7 14.4 0.2 1.7 1.9 4.9 0.6 0.0 2.1 1.6 5.9 12.2 .486 0.6 1.3 .427 1.9 2.4 .783
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard ------- --- ----------
Tony Parker 7 30.0 10.9 0.6 2.7 3.3 3.6 0.3 0.0 1.6 2.0 4.7 13.0 .363 0.0 1.3 .000 1.4 2.4 .588

Season 15

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2018-192015-16
Team Washington WizardsSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not PlaySpurs Lost West Conf Semis
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 9 25.6 12.8 2.7 6.6 9.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.8 3.8 4.8 7.7 .623 0.0 0.0 - 3.2 5.3 .604
Tony Parker 72 27.5 11.9 0.2 2.2 2.4 5.3 0.8 0.2 1.8 1.6 4.9 9.9 .493 0.4 0.9 .415 1.8 2.4 .760
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard ------- --- ----------
Tony Parker 10 26.4 10.4 0.1 2.1 2.2 5.3 0.6 0.2 1.8 1.5 4.4 9.8 .449 0.4 1.6 .250 1.2 1.4 .857

Season 16

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2019-202016-17
Team Los Angeles LakersSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards
Playoffs NBA Champion NBA ChampionSpurs Lost West Conf Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 69 18.9 7.5 2.5 4.9 7.3 0.7 0.4 1.1 1.2 3.2 2.9 4.0 .729 0.0 0.1 .600 1.6 3.1 .514
Tony Parker 63 25.2 10.1 0.1 1.7 1.8 4.5 0.5 0.0 1.4 1.5 4.2 9.0 .466 0.4 1.1 .333 1.3 1.9 .726
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 18 15.7 5.8 1.8 2.8 4.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.9 3.1 2.2 3.2 .684 0.1 0.1 .500 1.4 2.5 .556
Tony Parker 8 26.4 15.9 0.3 2.3 2.5 3.1 0.5 0.0 1.5 1.3 6.4 12.1 .526 1.4 2.4 .579 1.8 1.8 1.000

Season 17

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2020-212017-18
Team Philadelphia 76ersSan Antonio Spurs
Honors & Awards
Playoffs 76ers Lost East Conf SemisSpurs Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 69 17.3 7.0 2.8 5.7 8.4 0.9 0.4 0.9 1.6 2.9 2.6 4.4 .587 0.1 0.3 .250 1.8 3.0 .576
Tony Parker 55 19.5 7.7 0.1 1.6 1.7 3.5 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.9 3.2 7.1 .459 0.2 0.7 .270 1.0 1.4 .705
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 12 12.4 4.7 2.2 4.1 6.3 0.7 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.6 1.3 2.5 .533 0.0 0.1 .000 2.0 3.3 .600
Tony Parker 5 13.4 6.6 0.0 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.4 2.8 7.4 .378 0.0 1.0 .000 1.0 1.4 .714

Season 18

Dwight Howard Tony Parker
Season 2021-222018-19
Team Los Angeles LakersCharlotte Hornets
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not PlayDid Not Play
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard 60 16.2 6.2 2.0 4.0 5.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.9 2.2 3.7 .612 0.1 0.3 .533 1.6 2.4 .658
Tony Parker 56 17.9 9.5 0.3 1.2 1.5 3.7 0.4 0.1 1.3 0.9 3.8 8.3 .460 0.2 0.9 .255 1.6 2.2 .734
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Dwight Howard ------- --- ----------
Tony Parker ------- --- ----------